1. One second before
Whole brain model, Three metaphorical layers.
graph TD subgraph L3["layer 3 - cortex"] FC["Frontal lobe"] PL["Parietal lobe"] TL["Temporal lobe"] OL["Occipital lobe"] end subgraph L2["layer 2 - limbic system"] A["Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus Basal ganglia Cingulate gyrus"] HYP["Hypothalamus"] end subgraph L1["layer 1 - autonomic nervous system"] SNS["SNS sympathetic nervous system - four Fs : fear, fight, flight, sex"] SNS --> norepinephrine & epinephrine PNS["PNS parasympathetic nervous system - calm vegetative states"] PNS --> acetylcholine end L3 <--quasi member--> L2 HYP --influence--> L1
Amygdala (杏仁核): lecture, wikipedia.
- function : (1) fear and anxiety -> generating aggression; (2) implicit distrust and vigilance -> social emotional decision making; etc.
- parts : (1) central amygdala : innate fears. (2) basolateral amygdala : learned fears. (frontal cortex helps stop false fear)
graph LR SI["Sensors"] --> CR["Cortical regions"] CR --> A["Amygdala"] SI ==stronger but less accurate==> A PAG["Periaqueductal gray (ancient region helps process pyhsical pain)"] --"unpredictable context dependent pain"--> A A --> PAG IC["Insular cortex"] --"physics and moral disgust"--> A A --> IC FC["Frontal cortex"] <--> A H["Hippocampus"] <--fear learning--> A A --> M["Motor"] A --alarms--> BB["Brain and Body"] A --> LC["Locus coeruleus"]
Frontal Cortex: “do the harder thing when it’s the right thing to do.”
- dlPFC & vmPFC. dlPFC and vmPFC can be inversely correlated, but mostly intertwined in a collaborative relationship.
- FPC is effected by limbic system (emotions), but thought could regulate emotion as well.
- Antecedent strategies work better than response-focused strategies.
- “RIGHT” is used in neurobiological and instrumental sense, rather than a moral one.
Dopamine System - happiness of pursuit of reward:
- Mesolimbic dopamine pathway: the tegmentum sends projections to the accumbens and other limbic areas.
- sex, pleasurable aesthetics.
- Mesocortical dopamine pathway: the tegmentum projects to PFC.
- Social interactions.
- Habituation, the first time is the best.
- Anticipation - Learning.
- Anticipation driven by (delayed) reward.
- Anticipation driven by uncertainty (in mesocortical pathway).
decrease Serotonin signaling increases behavioral and cognitive implusivity.
2. Seconds to Minutes Before
social & physics environments. signals from body, physics state, words.
3. Hours to Days Before
Endocrinology - hormones,
- can affect cells in the whole body.
- effects merge over hours to days and can persist forever.
Testosterone
- Aggression is typically more about social learning than about testosterone. and differing levels of testosterone generally cannot explain aggressive individuals.
- exaggerate preexisting pattern of aggression. at the time of challenges.