Introduction

What is Buddhism? Each describes the “Elephant” as the part which he first touched.

  • Theravada (the Doctrine of the Elders), which may be the oldest. Hinayana (little Vehicle).
  • Mahayan (large Vehicle).
  • Others : Tibetan Buddhism, Zen School of Japan, etc.

The original Message, its development, and additions to it.

  • The Buddha’s Enlightenment. The Buddh in Buddhism.
  • Mind-Only

In the beginning is the One, and only the One is. From the One comes Two, the innumberable Paris fo Opposites. But there is no such thing as two, for no two thins can be conceived without relationshop, and this makes Three, the basic Trinity of all manifestation. From the three (or its six permutations nd integrating seventh) come the manifold things of ‘usual life’ which the Chinese call the Ten Thousand Things. These are unreall in a world of unreality, comparatively real in a world of comparative reality, Real in that each is part fo an ultimate, unmanifest Reality. As Reality must be, if anything is, supermely Enlightened, this faculty of superme Englightenment informs all things, though none of them owns it. It alone is Real.

“若言著淨,人性本淨,由妄念故,蓋覆真如,但無妄想,性自清淨” 慧能. * All is Mind, Mind-Only, all things, all compounds, are SUNYATA, Void of ultimate content. * And the moment alone is of superme importance, all speculation, all conceptual belief is valueless until made REAL. * Life is a bridge.

苦集灭道

“苦集灭道”即佛教根本教义四圣谛(Catvāri Āryasatyāni),由佛陀初转法轮时开示,构成一切佛法的基石。以下从哲学内涵、实践逻辑、终极意义三层次解析,并结合藏传佛教(以格鲁派为例)的独特诠释。

圣谛 医学比喻 佛教哲学行动
苦谛 诊断病症 认知现实困境
集谛 分析病因 追溯无明与业链
灭谛 确认健康状态 设定涅槃目标
道谛 开具治疗方案 实践八正道

“苦集如病与病因,灭道如愈药,知此四谛者,轮涅钥匙得。” 四谛实为打开轮回枷锁、涅槃宝城的唯一钥匙,贯穿从凡夫到成佛的全部修行。

1. 苦谛(Dukkha)

  • 生老病死:存在链条的必然痛苦
  • 爱别离、怨憎会:人际关系缘起性冲突
  • 求不得:欲望无限性与资源有限性矛盾
  • 五蕴炽盛:认知系统自体燃烧(“蕴”即燃料)

苦型 哲学本质 生活案例
苦苦 显性痛苦(负面感受) 疾病、衰老、死亡、爱别离
坏苦 乐受变苦(无常性→渴爱) 美食饱腹后反腻,爱情转淡漠
行苦 五蕴迁流苦(存在本身的不确定性) 职场焦虑、存在主义危机

2. 集谛(Samudaya):苦的生成机制

苦 = 业(Karma) × 烦恼(Kleśa)

  • :身口意造作的因果力(如种子)
  • 烦恼:贪嗔痴等染污心(如土壤水分)

十二缘起(苦的流水线):无明 → 行 → 识 → 名色 → 六入 → 触 → 受 → 爱 → 取 → 有 → 生 → 老死

关键环节

  • 无明(Avidyā):误认五蕴为“我”的根本错觉
  • 爱(Tṛṣṇā):对乐受的贪恋(如渴者饮咸水)
  • 取(Upādāna):执取对象维持虚假自我

3. 灭谛(Nirodha):苦的彻底止息

  • 非虚无:非断灭,而是烦恼与业的永尽状态
  • 非创造:本自存在,仅因客尘遮蔽未显
  • 实证描述
    • 有余涅槃:断烦恼障,业报身存(如阿罗汉)
    • 无余涅槃:舍寿后五蕴不再聚合

4. 道谛(Mārga):抵达涅槃的实践系统

八正道(Āryāṣṭāṅgika Mārga):

道支 实践要点 藏传转化
正见 缘起性空、四谛真理 中观应成见(彻底空性)
正思维 出离、慈悲、无害心 菩提心摄持
正语 不妄语、不两舌等 语密修持基础
正业 不杀生、不偷盗等 身密清净前提
正命 如法谋生 远离密教十四根本堕
正精进 断恶修善 四力忏悔法
正念 四念处观(身受心法) 止观双运
正定 四禅八定 生圆次第禅修

Notes : books of Alan Watts

Notes : books of 赖永海

Notes : books of 梁启超